The Antarctic Treaty, subsequently signed by over forty-five governments, regulates intergovernmental relations with respect to Antarctica and governs the conduct of daily life at McMurdo for United States Antarctic Program (USAP) participants. After the IGY, it became the center for US scientific as well as logistical activities in Antarctica. McMurdo Station was the center of United States logistical operations during the International Geophysical Year, an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. congressional delegation for a change-of-command ceremony. Navy Seabees, was initially designated Naval Air Facility McMurdo. The United States officially opened its first station at McMurdo on February 16, 1956, as part of Operation Deep Freeze. The volcanic rock of the site is the southernmost bare ground accessible by ship in the world. It still stands as a historic monument near the water's edge on Hut Point at McMurdo Station. The British explorer Robert Falcon Scott established a base camp close to this spot in 1902 and built a cabin there that was named Discovery Hut. The Terror, commanded by Northern Irish explorer Francis Crozier, along with expedition flagship Erebus under command of English Explorer James Clark Ross, first charted the area in 1841. The station takes its name from its geographic location on McMurdo Sound, named after Lieutenant Archibald McMurdo of British ship HMS Terror. By road, McMurdo is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from New Zealand's smaller Scott Base. All personnel and cargo going to or coming from Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station first pass through McMurdo. The station is the largest community in Antarctica, capable of supporting up to 1,200 residents, and serves as one of three year-round United States Antarctic science facilities. It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program (USAP), a branch of the National Science Foundation. McMurdo Station is a United States Antarctic research station on the south tip of Ross Island, which is in the New Zealand-claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. Above-ground water, sewer, telephone, and power lines.
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